The piano's clean tone is what you hear on many essential Fender Rhodes recordings, but definitely not all of them. Like an electric guitar, the Rhodes sounds even better with the right amp and effects. The Suitcase Vibrato was the original Rhodes effect, built into all versions of the Suitcase piano (as well as Stage models with the Super Satellite & Janus I systems). The idea behind the Vibrato was to simulate a rotating speaker, although the actual sound was quite different. The first version of the Vibrato was in mono, a tremolo effect that varied the amplitude of the piano's output in a square-wave pattern. When the Suitcase amps went stereo in 1969, this pattern was translated into a panning effect. Front-panel controls were provided for Speed and Intensity.
With the release of the first Stage models in 1969, the player's choice of amplifier also began to shape the piano's sound. The Fender Twin Reverb was and continues to be the recommended amp for use with the Rhodes (see the Models section for more details). In terms of effects, tube overdrive became a normal part of the piano's tone, with tremolo and spring reverb being available as well.
One of the most popular outboard effects for the Rhodes was the Wah-Wah Pedal. This foot pedal had an extreme impact on the Rhodes sound, virtually eliminating its bell-tone and emphasizing the midrange frequencies. The characteristic sound of this pedal came from its rocking foot control, which swept the center frequency of a bandpass filter to create the impression of a person saying "wow". The wah effect is commonly featured on early jazz fusion recordings by Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea and Joe Zawinul, usually producing a static EQ from being left in the "always on" state. You also hear this effect combined with the Fuzz Pedal in recordings from the early 70's, adding warm distortion to the sound for an even more funkified "fuzz wah" experience.
Later in the 1970's and into the 80's, the phase shifter was regarded as a natural choice for adding body to the Rhodes tone. This sound was often heard on slower songs and ballads, the most well-known examples being Billy Joel's Just the Way You Are and Paul Simon's Still Crazy After All These Years. The Electro-Harmonix Small Stone and the MXR Phase 90 were the two popular phaser choices during this era. The Phase 90 was an orange "stomp box" with an on/off switch and a single knob for controlling the effect's speed, while the Small Stone included an additional "color" switch for manipulating the overall frequency response.
The BOSS CE-1 Chorus Ensemble produced similar results, but with a wider palette of options. The biggest advantage of the CE-1 was its stereo output, a major improvement over the mono-only phasers available at the time. On top of the chorus effect, the box could switch over to a pitch-shifting vibrato. This is the same effect circuit found in the Roland JC-120 Jazz Chorus, another 2 x 12" guitar amp popular among Rhodes players.
An honorable mention goes to the Ring Modulator, the cacophonous effect used to mutilate Jan Hammer's Rhodes playing with the Mahavishnu Orchestra. Originally found in modular analog synthesizers, the ring modulator summed the piano's signal with the output of a fixed-frequency oscillator, producing some very strange sounds.
Rob Coops of the Netherlands provides us with a variety of recordings demonstrating many of these effects in different configurations:
The audio examples here show how a customized Fender Rhodes can sound when it is directly recorded, recorded with an amp, or directly recorded with analog effects. Note that if you are using cheap consumer speakers, you may experience distortion in the high soloing notes of the following samples. This distortion is not part of the original sample. I used B&W speakers to monitor.
The piano used in the recordings was customized by me in July 2005 for a 72-year-old jazz musician who bought it 25 years ago in Amsterdam and did not use the instrument much (i.e. it was in pretty good shape). It is a 73-key piano with the older type of action: half-wooden/half-plastic hammers with neoprene hammer tips, a bit more work to get up to standard than later types (from 1975 on).
In my opinion almost any Rhodes can sound professional, as long as you use a good preamp/EQ, exchange the parts that are bad and, ideally, let an experienced Rhodes tech optimize the action and sound for you, to really get the most out of the instrument.
The MP3's were made an hour before the piano was picked up by the client, in a very casual way. I liked the piano and wanted to have some private recordings as a reference, but I thought, why not share it with you guys also, to get you enthusiastic and informed....
Example 1. We took the signal directly from the harp (for best clarity) and fed it into a preamp/EQ. The signal was recorded via a Delta 1010 soundcard (24 bits, 96 khz) into Wavelab. I edited the sample with Waves plugins: I used the R-Comp, the Paragraphic EQ, the Trueverb, and the stereo panner by Wavelab. These plugins were used just to correct. I used a little bit of everything, most obvious the reverb.
I personally like a vintage "Herbie" sound, but if you listen on good speakers it will sound bright enough. This sound is available to any studio with a soundcard, a preamp, and a customized Rhodes. (Try this with a Motif?...I will buy them for $200.- a piece.)